Turabian’s Notes-Bibliography style is widely used in the humanities, theology, history, global leadership studies, and related fields. It emphasizes detailed footnotes (or endnotes) and an alphabetically arranged bibliography. This comprehensive guide provides clear examples of how to properly structure citations in the Turabian Notes-Bibliography format, with detailed explanations of each component.
1. Book by a Single Author
Footnote (First Reference):
¹ Peter G. Northouse, Leadership: Theory and Practice, 8th ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2019), 45.
Footnote (Subsequent Reference):
² Northouse, Leadership, 46.
Bibliography Entry:
Northouse, Peter G. Leadership: Theory and Practice. 8th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, 2019.
Explanation:
- First references include full author name, title (italicized), edition number (if any), city of publication, publisher name, year, and exact page numbers.
- Subsequent references use shortened form (author's last name, shortened title, page number).
2. Book by Multiple Authors
Footnote (First Reference):
¹ Gary Yukl and William L. Gardner, Leadership in Organizations, 9th ed. (Boston, MA: Pearson, 2020), 77.
Footnote (Subsequent Reference):
² Yukl and Gardner, Leadership in Organizations, 80.
Bibliography Entry:
Yukl, Gary, and William L. Gardner. Leadership in Organizations. 9th ed. Boston, MA: Pearson, 2020.
Explanation:
- Use "and" between authors (no "&").
- Bibliography reverses only the first author's name; subsequent authors remain in regular order.
3. Edited Book (Chapter or Essay)
Footnote (First Reference):
¹ Bernard M. Bass, “Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Military, and Educational Impact,” in The Nature of Leadership, ed. John Antonakis and Robert J. Sternberg (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008), 50.
Footnote (Subsequent Reference):
² Bass, “Transformational Leadership,” 52.
Bibliography Entry:
Bass, Bernard M. “Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Military, and Educational Impact.” In The Nature of Leadership, edited by John Antonakis and Robert J. Sternberg, 41–65. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2008.
Explanation:
- Chapter titles in quotation marks; book title in italics.
- Include editors’ names after "ed." (footnote) or "edited by" (bibliography).
4. Journal Article (Print)
Footnote (First Reference):
¹ James K. Harter, Frank L. Schmidt, and Theodore L. Hayes, “Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction and Business Outcomes,” Journal of Applied Psychology 87, no. 2 (2002): 270.
Footnote (Subsequent Reference):
² Harter, Schmidt, and Hayes, “Business-Unit-Level Relationship,” 272.
Bibliography Entry:
Harter, James K., Frank L. Schmidt, and Theodore L. Hayes. “Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction and Business Outcomes.” Journal of Applied Psychology 87, no. 2 (2002): 268–279.
Explanation:
- Article titles in quotation marks; journal titles italicized.
- Volume numbers follow journal title; issue number after “no.”; page range in bibliography.
5. Online Journal Article
Footnote (First Reference):
¹ Joseph S. Nye Jr., “Soft Power: The Evolution of a Concept,” Journal of Political Power 14, no. 1 (2021): 10, accessed March 20, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2021.1879579.
Footnote (Subsequent Reference):
² Nye, “Soft Power,” 11.
Bibliography Entry:
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. “Soft Power: The Evolution of a Concept.” Journal of Political Power 14, no. 1 (2021): 1–12. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1080/2158379X.2021.1879579.
Explanation:
- Always include DOI or URL and access date for online articles.
6. Websites or Online Articles
Footnote (First Reference):
¹ Brad Glosserman, “Peak Japan: The End of Great Ambitions,” Japan Times, August 10, 2023, accessed March 20, 2025, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/peak-japan.
Footnote (Subsequent Reference):
² Glosserman, “Peak Japan.”
Bibliography Entry:
Glosserman, Brad. “Peak Japan: The End of Great Ambitions.” Japan Times, August 10, 2023. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/peak-japan.
Explanation:
- Web sources require exact publication date, access date, and URL.
7. Thesis or Dissertation
Footnote (First Reference):
¹ John Doe, “Global Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations” (PhD diss., Sudo International University, 2024), 35.
Footnote (Subsequent Reference):
² Doe, “Global Leadership,” 40.
Bibliography Entry:
Doe, John. “Global Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations.” PhD diss., Sudo International University, 2024.
Explanation:
- Clearly indicate type of thesis or dissertation, institution, and year completed.
8. Newspaper Articles (Online or Print)
Footnote (First Reference):
¹ Thomas Friedman, “Globalization 4.0,” New York Times, January 28, 2020, accessed March 20, 2025, https://nytimes.com/globalization-4-0.
Footnote (Subsequent Reference):
² Friedman, “Globalization 4.0.”
Bibliography Entry:
Friedman, Thomas. “Globalization 4.0.” New York Times, January 28, 2020. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://nytimes.com/globalization-4-0.
9. Use of "Ibid." in Footnotes
Explanation:
- Ibid. (meaning "in the same place") is used if the next footnote cites the exact same source as the preceding one.
Example:
¹ Northouse, Leadership, 50.
² Ibid. (same source, same page)
³ Ibid., 52. (same source, different page)
Common Mistakes Students Make:
- Confusing footnotes with bibliography entries: Footnotes have author first names first; bibliographies reverse names.
- Omitting page numbers: Page numbers required for precise referencing.
- Incorrect punctuation: Details such as commas and parentheses must follow Turabian guidelines precisely.
- Overusing or incorrect use of "Ibid.": Use correctly only for immediately consecutive citations.
SIU and Turabian Style:
At Global Leadership School (SIU), located in Seoul, Korea, Turabian Notes-Bibliography style is consistently emphasized within its graduate programs, including global leadership and international development. SIU maintains strict adherence to Turabian standards, recognizing its precision, clarity, and scholarly integrity, preparing students effectively for global academic and professional environments.
Conclusion
Mastering the Turabian Notes-Bibliography style is critical for clear academic communication. It enhances scholarly rigor, provides comprehensive source documentation, and ensures clarity for readers and researchers. Using these detailed examples and explanations, students can confidently apply Turabian formatting in their dissertations, research papers, and scholarly publications, aligning perfectly with international academic standards.
